| Financial Statement Analysis (FSA) | The process of examining a company’s financial statements to make economic decisions |
| Balance Sheet | Statement of financial position showing assets, liabilities, and equity at a point in time |
| Income Statement | Statement reporting revenues, expenses, and net income over a period |
| Statement of Cash Flows | Statement reporting cash inflows and outflows classified as CFO, CFI, CFF |
| Statement of Changes in Equity | Statement showing changes in each equity component over a period |
| Notes to Financial Statements | Supplementary information providing details on accounting policies, assumptions, and disaggregated data |
| Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) | Management commentary on financial results, trends, and risks |
| Auditor’s Report | Independent auditor’s opinion on whether financial statements are fairly presented |
| Unqualified Opinion | Clean audit opinion; financial statements are fairly presented in all material respects |
| Qualified Opinion | Financial statements are fairly presented except for a specific matter |
| Adverse Opinion | Financial statements are not fairly presented; material misstatements exist |
| Disclaimer of Opinion | Auditor unable to form an opinion due to scope limitations |
| Proxy Statement | Document containing executive compensation, governance, and shareholder voting information |
| FSA Framework | Structured approach: define purpose, collect data, process data, analyze/interpret, report conclusions |
| Annual Report | Comprehensive yearly report including financial statements, MD&A, and auditor’s report |
| Interim Report | Financial report covering a period shorter than one year (typically quarterly); usually unaudited |