M01 – Portfolio Risk and Return: Part I — CFAI Practice Problems

Source: CFAI CFA1 Portfolio Management Practice 2026, Volume 9 Back to module: m01-risk-return-part-i Glossary: M01 Terms


Question 1

An investor’s transaction costs when purchasing stocks or bonds are most likely to include:

  • A. management fees.
  • B. research costs.
  • C. brokerage commissions.

Question 2

An investor who expects a positive risk–return tradeoff believes that:

  • A. higher risk guarantees higher returns.
  • B. lower risk investments always outperform higher risk investments.
  • C. higher risk is associated with higher expected returns.

Question 3

Which of the following is most likely the same for all investors?

  • A. The risk-free rate, because the risk-free asset has zero variance ().
  • B. The optimal risky portfolio, because all investors maximize utility.
  • C. The degree of risk aversion, because all investors face the same market.

Question 4

The optimal portfolio on the capital allocation line (CAL) is the portfolio that has the:

  • A. minimum variance.
  • B. maximum return.
  • C. greatest slope of the CAL (highest Sharpe ratio).

Question 5

An investor with a risk aversion coefficient of is best described as:

  • A. the least risk averse among the group (most negative A).
  • B. risk-neutral.
  • C. the most risk averse.

Question 6

Consider the following investment data:

InvestmentExpected ReturnStandard Deviation
18%15%
210%20%
312%25%

A risk-neutral investor () would most likely choose:

  • A. Investment 1.
  • B. Investment 2.
  • C. Investment 3.

Question 7

Using the same investment data from Question 6, a risk-seeking investor with would most likely choose:

InvestmentExpected ReturnStandard Deviation
18%15%
210%20%
312%25%
  • A. Investment 1.
  • B. Investment 2.
  • C. Investment 4 is not listed, but among the three — Investment 3.

Question 8

Using the same investment data, an investor with would most likely choose:

InvestmentExpected ReturnStandard Deviation
18%15%
210%20%
312%25%
  • A. Investment 1.
  • B. Investment 2.
  • C. Investment 3.

Question 9

Using the same investment data, an investor with would most likely choose:

InvestmentExpected ReturnStandard Deviation
18%15%
210%20%
312%25%
  • A. Investment 1.
  • B. Investment 2.
  • C. Investment 3.

Question 10

The capital allocation line (CAL) represents combinations of:

  • A. the risk-free asset and risky assets.
  • B. two risky assets only.
  • C. all possible risky portfolios.

Question 11

An investor who combines the risk-free asset with the optimal risky portfolio holds a portfolio that lies:

  • A. above the CAL.
  • B. on the CAL.
  • C. below the CAL.

Question 12

When computing the expected return of a two-asset portfolio, which of the following inputs is not used?

  • A. The return on the individual assets (not their variances — return on assets is used but variance is not).
  • B. The weights of each asset.
  • C. The correlation between assets.

Question 13

An investor holds a portfolio of two assets with the following characteristics:

AssetWeightExpected ReturnStandard Deviation
160%12%15%
240%8%10%

The correlation between the two assets is . The standard deviation of the portfolio is closest to:

  • A. 10.7%.
  • B. 11.3%.
  • C. 13.0%.

Question 14

Using the same two assets from Question 13 but with a negative covariance (correlation ), the portfolio standard deviation is closest to:

  • A. 2.4%.
  • B. 7.5%.
  • C. 11.3%.

Question 15

Two securities have the following characteristics:

SecurityWeightExpected ReturnStandard Deviation
140%10%18%
260%14%12%

If the portfolio standard deviation is 14.40%, which is equal to the weighted average of the two standard deviations, the correlation between the two securities is most likely:

  • A. .
  • B. .
  • C. .

Question 16

Using the same two securities from Question 15 with , the covariance between the two securities is closest to:

  • A. 0.0108.
  • B. 0.0240.
  • C. 0.0216.

Question 17

An investor holds two securities. Security 1 has , . Security 2 has , . The correlation is . The weights that create a zero-variance portfolio are closest to:

  • A. 50% in Security 1.
  • B. 29% in Security 1.
  • C. 75% in Security 1.

Question 18

A portfolio of two assets has the following characteristics:

AssetWeightExpected ReturnStandard Deviation
150%12%18%
250%14%16%

If the correlation is , the portfolio standard deviation is closest to:

  • A. 13.04%.
  • B. 14.14%.
  • C. 17.00%.

Question 19

Using the same two assets from Question 18, if the assets are uncorrelated (), the portfolio standard deviation is closest to:

  • A. 12.04%.
  • B. 14.14%.
  • C. 17.00%.

Question 20

Consider the following correlation matrix for three assets:

Asset 1Asset 2Asset 3
Asset 11.000.300.10
Asset 20.301.00−1.00
Asset 30.10−1.001.00

Which pair of assets provides the greatest diversification benefit?

  • A. Asset 1 and Asset 2.
  • B. Asset 1 and Asset 3.
  • C. Asset 2 and Asset 3.

Question 21

Using the same correlation matrix from Question 20, which pair of assets provides the least risk reduction through diversification?

  • A. Asset 1 and Asset 2.
  • B. Asset 1 and Asset 3.
  • C. Asset 2 and Asset 3.

Question 22

As more assets are added to a portfolio, the portfolio’s total risk most likely:

  • A. increases.
  • B. decreases.
  • C. remains unchanged.

Question 23

As the number of assets in an equally weighted portfolio increases, the portfolio variance most likely approaches:

  • A. zero.
  • B. the average variance of the individual assets.
  • C. the average covariance between the assets.

Question 24

Adding an asset with a correlation of to an existing portfolio most likely:

  • A. reduces portfolio risk.
  • B. has no effect on portfolio risk.
  • C. increases portfolio volatility.

Question 25

The y-intercept of the capital allocation line (CAL) represents the:

  • A. expected return of the risky portfolio.
  • B. portfolio’s standard deviation.
  • C. risk-free rate.

Question 26

The portfolio with the lowest variance among all portfolios of risky assets is called the:

  • A. optimal risky portfolio.
  • B. market portfolio.
  • C. global minimum-variance portfolio.

Question 27

The Markowitz efficient frontier represents the set of portfolios that:

  • A. have the lowest risk for each level of return.
  • B. have the highest return for each level of risk.
  • C. include all possible portfolio combinations.

Question 28

The tangency portfolio where the CAL has the steepest slope is called the:

  • A. optimal risky portfolio.
  • B. global minimum-variance portfolio.
  • C. market portfolio.

Question 29

An investor who wishes to invest more than 100% in the risky portfolio would need to:

  • A. sell the risky portfolio short.
  • B. borrow at the risk-free rate.
  • C. invest only in risk-free assets.

Question 30

The point where an investor’s indifference curve is tangent to the CAL determines the investor’s:

  • A. optimal risky portfolio.
  • B. risk-free rate.
  • C. risk preference and optimal allocation between risky and risk-free assets.